古代人的十年寒窗苦读
《明朝那些事儿》（二十）
一、“大挑”是明清两代常见的官员面试法，于乾隆十七年（1752）定制面试的标准，概括起来是八个字：同田贯日身甲气由。
1. "Great Selection" was a common official interview method in the Ming and Qing dynasties. In the 17th year of the Qianlong era (1752), the interview standards were standardized, summarized in eight characters: tong, tian, guan, ri, shen, jia, qi, you.
二、“同”是长方脸；“田”是四方脸；“贯”是形容头大身直体长；“日”是形容长短肥瘦适中，站有站相。符合这四个字的，就都有可能被挑中。
2. "Tong" means a rectangular face; "Tian" means a square face; "Guan" describes a large head, straight body, and tall stature; "Ri" describes a well-proportioned build, neither too long nor too short, neither too fat nor too thin, with a proper posture. Those who met these four criteria were likely to be selected.
三、“身”是体斜不正；“甲”是头大身子小；“气”是形容单肩高耸；“由”和“甲”是反过来，头小身子大。符合这四个字的，出局。
3. "Shen" means a slanted or improper posture; "Jia" means a large head and a small body; "Qi" describes one shoulder being raised high; "You" is the opposite of "Jia," meaning a small head and a large body. Those who met these four criteria were disqualified.
四、地名中称“状元坊”的地方有很多，都是因为当地出了状元，建牌坊以为纪念，所以叫状元坊。明代第一座状元坊，是朱元璋下旨所建，坊的主人是1388年科举的状元任亨泰。
4. There are many places named "Zhuangyuan Fang" (Top Graduate Archway), all because a top graduate emerged from that area, and an archway was built in commemoration, hence the name. The first Zhuangyuan Fang in the Ming Dynasty was built by order of Zhu Yuanzhang, and its owner was Ren Hengtai, the top graduate of the 1388 imperial examination.
五、任亨泰，河南襄阳人，后来做过詹事府少詹事（相当于太子的老师）、礼部尚书等。朱元璋很宠幸这个状元，在给他的诏令中，只称“襄阳任”而不称名字。
5. Ren Hengtai, from Xiangyang, Henan, later served as Vice Supervisor of the Household of the Crown Prince (equivalent to the crown prince's teacher), Minister of Rites, and other positions. Zhu Yuanzhang favored this top graduate greatly; in edicts to him, he only referred to him as "Xiangyang Ren" without using his personal name.
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