马歇尔的需求理论
《世界名著全知道》（九十五）
一、马歇尔所处的时代是西方主要资本主义国家向垄断资本主义过渡的时代。在英国，周期性的经济危机经常威胁着资本主义经济的正常运行；在国外，德国和美国工业的迅速发展，很快成为英国在国际贸易上的有力竞争对手。
1. Marshall lived in an era when major Western capitalist countries were transitioning to monopoly capitalism. In Britain, periodic economic crises frequently threatened the normal operation of the capitalist economy; abroad, the rapid industrial development of Germany and the United States quickly became strong competitors to Britain in international trade.
二、往日素有“世界工厂”称号的英国，如今经济实力已相对削弱。英国的统治阶级为了保障其国内外的经济地位，加强资本主义经济的发展，迫切需要一种新的经济学说来为他们自己服务，马歇尔的经济学说就是为了适应这个新的需要而产生的。
2. Britain, once known as the "Workshop of the World," saw its economic strength relatively weakened. To secure their economic position both domestically and internationally and to strengthen the development of the capitalist economy, the British ruling class urgently needed a new economic theory to serve their interests. Marshall's economic theories emerged precisely to meet this new demand.
三、在现实生活中，每种商品都存在着需求价格，指消费者在购买一定量的商品时所愿意支付的价格，在其他条件不变的情况下，一个人所拥有的某种物品的数量越大，则他对此种物品多消费一点，他愿意支付的价格就越低，由此马歇尔提出了需求理论。
3. In real life, every commodity has a demand price, which refers to the price consumers are willing to pay when purchasing a certain quantity of the good. Under the condition that other factors remain unchanged, the more of a certain item a person possesses, the lower the price they are willing to pay for consuming an additional unit of it. Based on this, Marshall proposed the demand theory.
四、《经济学原理》摘录：经济学是一门研究财富的学问，同时也是一门研究人的学问。世界的历史是由宗教和经济的力量所形成的。
4. Excerpt from "Principles of Economics": Economics is a study of wealth, and at the same time, it is a study of humankind. The history of the world is shaped by religious and economic forces.
五、经济进化是渐进的。他的进步有时由于政治上的事变而停顿或倒退，但是它的前进运动绝不是突然的。
5. Economic evolution is gradual. Its progress is sometimes halted or reversed due to political events, but its forward movement is never abrupt.
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